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The best strategy is not just to limit saturated fats it's also to replace them with healthier unsaturated fats. /F0 6 0 R Kinetics of alkoxysilanes hydrolysis: An empirical approach - Nature Moreover, such a procedure often provides means of at least preliminary purification of the reaction products. There is, therefore, a need for a new and improved process and apparatus for the hydrolysis of fats and oils. Rates of hydrolysis - practical videos | 16-18 students Another object of the invention is to provide a process and apparatus of the above `character in which at least one gaseous phase is utilized to induce turbulence in a stream of liquefied fats or oils. Other than by cooling, suggest one method that would decrease the rate of hydrolysis of fats. A 44 C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1.C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1, [Zn+2].CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC([O-])=O, ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES, FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM, Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids, Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids from fats or fatty oils, Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids from fats or fatty oils by hydrolysis, Crystallization of a fatty component from a feed by the steps of emulsification with a surfactant, cooling by vacuum evaporation and subsequent conventional separation, System and process for production of fatty acids and wax alternatives from triglycerides, Apparatus and method for hydrolyzing biological material, Device for the hydrogenation of vegetable or animal oils or fats, fatty acids, or the like, Continuous countercurrent hydrolysis of fat, Process of splitting glycerides and recovering glycerin, Production of glycerin and distilled fatty acids, Process for contacting solid and liquid phases, Process for production of fatty acids and wax alternatives from triglycerides, Process for the production of dicarboxylic acids, Process for obtaining an organic acid from an organic acid ammonium salt, an organic acid amide, or an alkylamine organic acid complex, Process for hydrolyzing lower aliphatic esters and separation of resulting products, Process for the recovery of high purity diesters of terephthalic or isophthalic acids, Process for the manufacture of vinyl chloride from contaminated 1,2-dichloroethane, Recovery of acrylic acid and/or ethyl acrylate from black acid, Cleavage of diacrylic acid to form acrylic acid, Process for the production of organic esters, Method for producing fatty acid ester and production apparatus, Method and apparatus for recovering caprolactam, Process for producing butanediol or butenediol, Process of preparing purified organic sulphonates, Continuous process for producing adiponitrile, Brassylic acid from ozonolysis of erucic acid, Continuous manufacture of allyl diglycol carbonate. How does acid hydrolysis of a triglyceride work? Epub 2023 Feb 1. They are also reactions and volatilizations which involve two or more phases and in which one of the phases is a gas phase. rate observed in lung cytosol (Patel et al., 1980). /Parent 5 0 R Lyases These catalyze the breakage of bonds without catalysis, e.g. This high degree of hydrolysis was greater by more than ten times that which should have been obtained in accordance with results calculated from rate constants in the literature. government site. (i) ethyl ethanoate . In. (v) CH3CH2CH2OH Oxidative stability is a measure of oil or fat resistance to oxidation. Lipids- Definition, Properties, Structure, Types, Examples, Functions Ring flip definitely happens. However, in all of these processes, liquid water, usually under great pressures to maintain it in a liquid state is reacted with the fat at high temperatures. The relationship between alcohol consumption and diabetes is tenuous. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. ln general, it is an .object of the present invention to Iprovide a process and apparatus for the hydrolysis of fats and oils which will overcome the above named disadvantages. The high pressures, long residence times and high temperatures all contribute to excessive operational costs. When they return to the liver, their cholesterol is converted into bile. With a single pass through the reactor, the hydrolysis was l5 percent `of `the possible hydrolysis which theoretically could occur. The electrons flow through an external circuit and the hydrogen ions selectively move across the PEM to the cathode. (a) Complete the right-hand side of the equation below to show how hydrolysis affects the molecule of fat shown. The rate of reaction with the absence of sucrose at the active site is assumed to . Comparison of Metabolic Characteristics of Physically Active Individuals with Different Training Habits during Incremental Treadmill Test. The amount of base that is needed for the saponification of a sample of fat is called saponification value. Zderic TW, Davidson CJ, Schenk S, Byerley LO, Coyle EF. Microbial rancidity refers to a water-dependent process in which microorganisms, such as bacteria or molds, use their enzymes such as lipases to break down fat. [1], When these processes occur in food, undesirable odors and flavors can result. Although I have shown and described the reactor as being in a horizontal position with horizontal flow in the reactor, it is readily apparent that, if desired, the reactor can tbe positioned vertically to provide vertical flow. &z,3L` JATd"bJ5 2./f50eW^/OEuV{;5$7KvyZ,#7|si[pp#O;iV} A@H=OUo]gF}s{+x}{uObc^Cs}kb1z?@,iJ =o =p1B>, Another object of the invention is to provide a process and apparatus of the above character which does not require a substantial liquid aqueous phase. Also, as can be seen from the above, such processes require relatively long residence times which limits the production from the apparatus. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. Due to the presence of double bonds, fats and oils also undergo reactions like hydrogenation and oxidation. Frontiers | Valorisation of crustacean and bivalve processing side Rate of hydrolysis of urea - RSC Education PDF Lipase Little Laptop - UCL - London's Global University An unexpectedly high degree of hydrolysis occurred within the reactor. The mass spectrum of this ester shows a molecular ion peak at m/z = 136. Lipids can be classified according to their hydrolysis products and according to similarities in their molecular structures. For example, alkyl halides could be produced by hydrolyzation with my process and apparatus. Chapter 33:Animal Nutrition Flashcards | Quizlet Conversely, a volatile reactant can be maintained largely in the liquid phase with the use of pressure and suicient added gas to create the desired turbulence. In fact, it is preferable to operate at atmospheric pressure or under a vacuum because operation in this manner tends to shift the equilibrium in favor of hydrolysis by vaporization of the fatty acid and glycerine at lower temperatures or to increase the percentage of vaporization of the fatty acids and glycerine at the same temperature. This reaction can be considered as the reverse of condensation reactions in which a larger molecule is formed by the removal of a water molecule. Fat oxidation rates have been shown to decrease after ingestion of high-fat diets, partly as a result of decreased glycogen stores and partly because of adaptations at the muscle level. endobj This reaction causes the release of malodorous and highly volatile aldehydes and ketones. Fats: Healthy & Unhealthy Fats, Nutrition - Cleveland Clinic (2 marks), anhydride less easily hydrolysed or reaction less violent/exothermic no (corrosive) (HCl) fumes formed or safer or less toxic/ dangerous expense of acid chloride or anhydride cheaper, An ester contains a benzene ring. [7] When short-chain fatty acids are produced, they serve as catalysts themselves, further accelerating the reaction, a form of autocatalysis.[7]. lower cost for recycling than making from scratch; reduces CO2 emissions by not being incinerated; B (i) and (iii) only 260-415) This invention relates to a process and apparatus for hydrolysis of fats and oils. PDF Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values for Glycidaldehyde (CASRN 765 Disad Because of this substantially reduced heat requirement, the cost of performing the process and operating the apparatus is greatly reduced. They can be 'not specific', 'sn-1,3 specific' or 'sn-1,2 . Know the facts about fats - Harvard Health Saturated fats and trans fats are solid at room temperature. Thereafter, excess water is removed from the glycerine by evaporating the water. At or near atmospheric pressure, the reaction product, eg., the fatty acid and glycerine, is volatilized into the vapor phase from which it can be readily isolated in puritied form. Propanoic acid can be made from propan-1-ol by oxidation using acidified potassium dichromate(VI). Prog. 2. What to learn next based on college curriculum. Febrifuge. Hydrolysis ( / hadrlss /; from Ancient Greek hydro- 'water', and lysis 'to unbind') is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. When the reactor is operated at a pressure which is near or greater than approximately p.s.i. Some comparison with other compounds explaining that the intermolecular forces are stronger in propanoic acid; Give one advantage of the use of propanoyl chloride instead of propanoic acid in the laboratory preparation of methyl propanoate from methanol. /Length 8 0 R Even a modest weight loss of 5% to 10% of your total body weight is likely to produce health benefits, such as improvements in blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and blood sugars. How To Decrease Butt Fat By Exercise Reduce Butt Fat For Men And Women At Home INSTAGRAM:- https://www.instagram.com/thefitnessidea Enjoy 1 week of live TV on us Stream more, watch easier,. The Although its high protein content, bioactive compounds, and dietary fibers have many health benefits, lupine (Lupinus sp.) Hydrolysis pretreatment of fat-containing wastewaters and sludges should not substantially accelerate their anaerobic treatment. Smith, Michael Abbott. Nagy D, Trunic N, Prmusz V, Krutek L, Lipcsik Z, cs P. Int J Environ Res Public Health. This fat mixture was pumped at the -rate of grams per minute into a preheat section and heated to 200 C. and then metered into the reactor. A protein extract containing a plant lipase from oleaginous seeds of Pachira aquatica was tested using soybean oil, wastewater from a poultry processing plant, and beef fat particles as substrate. D 90, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Hendrick Van Ness, J.M. \0!ph +9 y*9!4R T1!Qk';LD "1g! /Length 14 0 R Zderic TW, Schenk S, Davidson CJ, Byerley LO, Coyle EF. Also, costs of the apparatus utilized in the process are substantially less because of the reduced pressure requirements. How To Decrease Butt Fat By Exercise - YouTube stream Alternatively, water and a gas may be supplied to the pipe 13. The steam can be at any desired temperature. A process as in claim 1 wherein the contacting of the liquid phase with the gas phase takes place at a temperature ranging from 150-350 C. and a pressure ranging from a negative pressure of millimeters of mercury to 300 p.s.i. Lipase Little Laptop - UCL - London's Global University The reaction in which water molecule is used to break bonds in other molecules is called hydrolysis. The residence time per pass for the fat was from 10 to 30 seconds and the residence time for the steam was from Mi to 1 second. Sodium carbonate (solution); jSf/U}$%x[n_N/o. /Length 18 0 R /Parent 5 0 R Hydrolysis | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. /Contents 13 0 R Show your working. Why does neighbouring group participation happen? Excess acidified potassium dichromate(VI; Describe the different experimental conditions necessary to produce propanal in high yield rather than propanoic acid. Reaction mechanism is $\ce{S_N1}$ and water itself acts as nucleophile. However, by the introduction of a gas phase along with the liquid phase, it is possible to perturb the stream lines of the liquid phase at a much lower liquid velocity and to thereby create turbulence in the liquid phase under conditions where there would only be a streamlined flow if the liquid phase were flowing by itself. Name it. Essentially pure distilled grade fatty acids were readily recovered from the fatty acid recovery system. The vaporized fatty acids, glycerine and the steam are removed from the separator through a pipe 22 and are supplied to a distillation unit 23 which again can take the form of a cyclone separator which is utilized for distilling the fatty acids and glycerine from the steam as shown in step 34. What is the purpose of this D-shaped ring at the base of the tongue on my hiking boots? They are the esters which consist of three units of fatty acids that are linked to glycerol. endstream (iii) CH3CH2OH Bookshelf The mass transfer which occurs in my process, as explained above, causes hydrolysis to occur even though the steam and the fat are inherently immiscible. FOIA What is a word for the arcane equivalent of a monastery? The hydrolysis is preferably carried out at or near atmospheric pressure because this greatly simplifies and reduces the cost of the apparatus for carrying out the process and, in addition, it facilitates the volatilization of the fatty acids and glycerine into the vapor phase. What's considered normal? 2022 Nov 9;10:1035521. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1035521. The site is secure. Insulin Insulin, the main storage hormone in your body, is produced by your pancreas. Decreasing the storage temperature to 5C considerably slowed both the loss of seed viability and the level of oxidative stress as well as the rates of lipid hydrolysis. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The fats can be classified into saturated fats and unsaturated fats. Examples of operation of my apparatus utilizing my process in which the reactor is of the type shown in FIGURE l and comprised of 1A: inch IPS stainless steel pipe 45 feet in length are as follows: Animal fat (tallow) containing about 1% zinc oxide as the oleate was melted and metered into a fat preheating section where it was preheated to a temperature of approximately 100 C. The fat was then metered into the reactor at a continuous rate where it was contacted with a metered liquid water. was undervalued as a resourceful plant. D (iv) alone, Hydrolysis of the ester, CH3COOCH2CH2CH3, produces ethanoic acid. They (antioxidants) react with free radicals; Salicylic acid, C6H4(OH)COOH, reacts with magnesium to produce magnesium salicylate and hydrogen. ;ucC=(}y@ZuI_P&~j8E|y5= For example, even though meat is held under refrigeration or in a frozen state, the poly-unsaturated fat will continue to oxidize and slowly become rancid. If such preheating is utilized, it is generally preferable not to heat the fat above 220 C., and preferably approximately to 200 C. The molten fat thus can be pumped through the preheater and fed to the reactor through the pipe 17 at a continuous and controlled rate so that it is introduced into the reactor 11 in a liquid phase. Figure 12.2: Schematic of four phases of biogas production. B 70 PDF Fat hydrolysis in a food model system: effect of water activity - UPM /Filter /LZWDecode In a process for the hydrolysis of fats and oils, forming the fat into a substantially liquid phase having a linear velocity ranging from 101 to 105 feet per hour, contacting the liquid phase with a gas phase containing water and having a linear velocity ranging from 103 to 106 feet per hour to perturb the liquid phase and to thereby induce extreme turbulence in the liquid phase and to cause ow of the gas and liquid phases in the slug and annular regions, and heating the liquid phase while it is being contacted by the gas phase to cause relatively rapid hydrolysis of the fat in the liquid phase. [p`-j* !pX 4c72Fx:V9 ?20Or"Ap@4hC@)2) Another object of the invention is to provide a process and apparatus of the above character which does not require the use of high pressures and actually can b e operated at or near atmospheric pressure, -or in vacuo. If desired, as pointed out previously, the steam can be preheated to a superheated temperature before introduction into the reactor. The hydrolysis experiments were carried out at a temperature of 40C, an incubation time of 90 minutes, and pH 8.0-9.0. These saponification reactions can be one step or two step process. Then, if desired, the fat can also be preheated in a suitable manner such as by running the molten fat through a coil immersed in hot oil. The rate at which you have to add the acid is a measure of the rate of hydrolysis of urea. The solid or liquid fat is then heated to a temperature ranging from to 350 C. so that it is in a liquid phase. Also, it is possible to reverse the procedure described above and to utilize my process and apparatus to make esters instead of hydrolyzing them. Rates of hydrolysis in bicyclic and monocyclic compounds. ", "Scientific Opinion on Fish Oil for Human Consumption. endobj /ProcSet 2 0 R (iii) butanoic acid The hydrolysis of fat is the reaction of fat with potassium hydroxide to produce soap and glycerol. Saponification is the process of hydrolysis of fats in the presence of a base. stream Neutral fat hydrolysis and long-chain fatty acid oxidation during Optimizing fat oxidation through exercise and diet Interventions aimed at increasing fat metabolism could potentially reduce the symptoms of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes and may have tremendous clinical relevance. This great improvement in mass transfer rates is caused by an increased rate of molecular collisions within the liquid phase and also because of a great increase in the interfacial area between the liquid and gaseous phases. An official website of the United States government. Another object of the invention is to provide a process and apparatus of the above character in which the nonhydrolytic reaction involving rnass transfer and volatilization can be carried out without a catalyst. 2236 Thus, my process would lend itself to the production of esters commercially in a continuous process instead of by a batch method. /Filter /LZWDecode From the pure sugar solution xylose can be crystallized, or the mixture can be hydrogenated into sugar alcohols, and from this mixture the xylitol can be separated by crystallization. Studies show that moderate alcohol consumption can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Possible Investigations Investigate the effect of changing the concentra tion of the enzyme on the rate of the reaction. Carbon produced/given off/formed causes global dimming, Draw the repeating unit of the polyester Terylene that is made from benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and ethane-1,2-diol. Soaps can be hard or soft depending upon the base that is used for saponification. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. In order to obtain optimum mass transfer rates, it is desirable that the flow conditions employed in the reactor be generally in the slug or annular region. Manipulation of dietary carbohydrate and muscle glycogen affects glucose uptake during exercise when fat oxidation is impaired by beta-adrenergic blockade. fvK5^bdECjP1F)~h:b~Q]*prUV!\4TZh eKjq2H7P(ek ,"C!CC0fL2D#L{ ;Dtuna:*hXeGB}b @ g6ER@c )7:8)2jZ Sqg3O@0:GEpTkU. Cv m (S YdH4;r?6^(O^bd0!`r@,BFh9Z4b90V0~tR3J e45b q`(EpPXM#3S*%TIXk! This process gives glycerine-water effluent and fat effluent streams. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00302.2004. When the tubular reactor 10 is operated so that the glycerine and fatty acids are formed in a liquid phase and discharged with the residue from the separator, the residue is treated in a conventional manner. At equilibrium the mixture contained 8 g of methyl ethanoate. [6], Despite concerns among the scientific community, there is little data on the health effects of rancidity or lipid oxidation in humans. The Rancimat method, the oxidative stability instrument (OSI) and the oxidograph were all developed as automatic versions of the more complicated AOM (active oxygen method), which is based on measuring peroxide values[15] for determining the induction time of fats and oils. The present invention involves a continuous hydrolysis operation in which the fat or oil to be hydrolyzed is introduced into a reactor in either solid or liquid form. No. "vkQSTR,XB-'Q It is one of the healthy fats, along with polyunsaturated fat. Another object of the invention is to provide a process and apparatus of the above character in which superheated steam can be utilized as the gaseous phase. The percentage yield of ester was Pytka MJ, Domin RA, Tarchalski JL, Lubarska MI, oyski MS, Niziski J, Piskorski J, Wykrtowicz A, Guzik P. J Clin Med. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. In addition, rancidification can be decreased by storing fats and oils in a cool, dark place with little exposure to oxygen or free radicals, since heat and light accelerate the rate of reaction of fats with oxygen. Exercise intensity and duration are important determinants of fat oxidation. Substantially all of the fatty acids were in the vapor phase. Suitable feeding means 16, such as a T, is provided on the inlet end of the reactor l0. The hydrolytic polycondensation reactions and final product can be controlled by adjusting the hydrolysis reaction, which was investigated under a variety of conditions, such as different. [1] However, again, the ow conditions should be such that the flow in the annular region is nearer the slug region because the drop dispersions are the least stable in this area with a consequent high frequency of coagulations and redispersions. In this process, the triglyceride is treated with a base, such as sodium hydroxide, and the products obtained are soap and glycerol. For example, tetrachlorophenol-1,2,4,5, which is insoluble in water, could be reacted by itself or with a little methanol in a methanolic caustic solution under pressure. The vapor phase, as hereinafter described, contains the products of the hydrolysis, i.e., fatty acids and glycerine of distillation quality, which are fed by a pipe 22 into a recovery unit 23. The interrelationship between physical activity intensity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and executive function in middle-aged adults: An observational study of office workers. Thus, it can be seen that the introduction of the gaseous phase along with the liquid phase into the reactor serves two important functions, one of which is to create turbulence Within the liquid phase, and the other of which is to greatly increase the interfacial area for reaction between the gas phase and the liquid phase. D 67, Isomers of the ester HCOOCH2CH2CH3, include Examples of fats are cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides. Hydrolysis occurs at a very rapid rate because of the mass transfer hereinbefore described which occurs in the slug and annular regions of ow. I would expect there to be some degree of neighbouring group participation by the SPh (forming a sulfonium ion, followed by water attacking) This can only happen in the. Over time, fats may become rancid. Alternatively, the water can be introduced in an aqueous phase and then transformed into the gaseous phase by the application of heat in the reactor. The final products depend on conditions: the lipoxygenase article shows that if a hydroperoxide lyase enzyme is present, it can cleave the hydroperoxide to yield short-chain fatty acids and dicarboxylic acids (several of which were first discovered in rancid fats). Would you like email updates of new search results? (Cl. Yamile Mennah Govela, PhD - Food Scientist - Shiru | LinkedIn Second, HDLs take cholesterol out of circulation. For example, as shown in FIGURES l and 2, it can be in the form of steam which is introduced at a continuous and controlled rate through the pipe 18 and into the reactor 10. 11 0 obj (ii) methyl propanoate The natural antioxidants tend to be short-lived,[13] so synthetic antioxidants are used when a longer shelf-life is preferred. Amino acids, fulvic acid, and humic acid: the role and - LinkedIn The hydrolysis referred to labove normally is carried out with the use of a catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide, zinc oxide, potassium acetate, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid and zinc chloride. 12 k B T, BNID 101989) depending on the concentration of the cation Mg 2+. Additional objects and features of the invention will appear from the following description in which the preferred embodiments are set forth in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawing. OR At the moment both cars reach their maximum speed, what frequency will the Porsche driver hear if the frequency of the police cars siren is 440 Hz? concentrations of 1M for all reactants except water which is taken at its characteristic concentration of 55M) the Gibbs free energy of ATP hydrolysis varies from -28 to -34 kJ/mol (i.e. (i) CH3CH2COOH This chemical process continues during frozen storage, though more slowly at lower temperature. \p+*s]_v;(d^/h)7m$JpSqjEI)3PM4r+{teTUn Another object of the invention is to provide a process and apparatus of the above character in which the steam can be recirculated and reused without being condensed into liquid water. At the present time, there are numerous processes for the hydrolyzing of fats and oils. When the glycerized mixture from the fat cyclone was recycled, the total `conversion rose to 70 percent with no apparent limitation on the degree of hydrolysis. endobj This is particularly advantageous in that it eliminates the great amount of heat which is required for converting Water back into steam. (2 marks). 32, 104-110 (1961). In certain cases, however, the flavors can be desirable (as in aged cheeses). US4629742A - Hydrolysis of fats - Google Patents Subsequently, other processes were developed involving the catalytic hydrolysis of fats to fatty acids using certain chemicals or reagents such as the Twitchell reagent. >> In the foregoing Examples I, II and III, the linear velocity of the liquid phase and the linear velocity of the gas phase were within the limits hereinbefore set forth. If an enzyme increases the rate of the hydrolysis reaction by - Brainly However, these ow conditions are also influenced by the relative velocity of the gas and the liquid phases. The glycerine and the fatty acids are separated from the steam in the recovery unit 23 as indicated and the steam is recirculated through a pipe 24 into the reactor 10. Product must have lower energy than reactants to attain a spontaneous . A (i), (ii) and (iii) only The liquid fat phase is maintained at a temperature ranging from 150 to 350 C. so that the reaction, eg., hydrolysis, occurs at a very rapid rate. A police car is chasing a speeding Porsche 911. D 81, An excess of methanol was mixed with 12 g of ethanoic acid and an acid catalyst. Such an increasing trend in the flour FFA contents at 6 and 8 min could be due to the hydrolysis of fats favored by the high temperature (>100 C, Figure 1) and by the residual lipase activity in the flours during the treatment . Suggest one possible environmental disadvantage of the production of hydrogen by electrolysis. Acidity of alcohols and basicity of amines, Recovering from a blunder I made while emailing a professor. . 2CONH 2 + H 2O CO 2 + 2NH 3. rev2023.3.3.43278. Food Hygiene, including Rancidity", "Oxidation of Marine Omega-3 Supplements and Human Health", "Dietary advanced lipid oxidation endproducts are risk factors to human health", "Potential health lmplications of the consumption of thermally-oxidized cooking oils a review", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rancidification&oldid=1139596394, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles to be expanded from November 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 22:58.