Sulla - in ancient sources @ attalus.org To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for 10 years before being re-elected to any office. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the tribunate, since such an election would end their political career. History has portrayed them as being emblematic for a generation of chaos in Roman society. In 46 BC Julius Caesar appointed him governor of the province of Africa. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. Primary Source Terms:. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. Learning in Black and White. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. Marius - in ancient sources @ attalus.org [59] Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of Aesernia, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw. Primary Source 10. Primary Resources - Primary Resources and Archives - Research Guides at [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; they, however, likely acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. Book Sources: Bloody Sunday - Selma to Montgomery March (1965) A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. After massacring a number of Italian traders who supported one of his rivals, indignation erupted as to Jugurtha's use of bribery to secure a favourable peace treaty; called to Rome to testify on bribery charges, he successfully plotted the assassination of one another royal claimant before returning home. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Eight Ways to Teach With Primary Sources - Education Week Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Sulla's descendants continued to be prominent in Roman politics into the imperial period. vinifera, hereafter V. vinifera) shares a close relationship with humans ().With unmatched cultivar diversity, this food source (table and raisin grapes) and winemaking ingredient (wine grapes) became an emblem of cultural identity in major Eurasian civilizations (1-3), leading to intensive research in ampelography, archaeobotany, and historical . Lucius Cornelius Sulla (l. 138 - 78 BCE) enacted his constitutional reforms (81 BCE) as dictator to strengthen the Roman Senate's power. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. Sallust - Spartacus Educational Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. 45-120 CE) was a Platonist philosopher, best known to the general public as author of his "Parallel Lives" of paired Greek and Roman statesmen and military leaders.He was a voluminous writer, author also of a collection of "Moralia" or "Ethical Essays," mostly in dialogue format, many of them devoted to philosophical topics, not at all . Primary sources how to use them | Services to Schools [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. Primary Sources - Research Guides at Library of Congress [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. Examples include journal articles, reviews . When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | YourDictionary [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. Copy of Fall of Rome, Primary Sources - DocsLib [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. His enemy, Lucius Cornelius Cinna, was elected consul for 87BC in place of his candidate;[83] his nephew was rejected as plebeian tribune while Marius' nephew was successful. [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. Sulla then duly besieged the city. Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Partian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals with Rome as superior. An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. Primary and Secondary Sources: How Should They Be Used? This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. Find these with these special Subject terms. Primary Sources - Research Guides at New York University . On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential Caecilii Metelli and the Pompeys. He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. [130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. Hanover Historical Texts Collection - History Department The Iraq War Ten Years After - George Washington University onwards. [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). What Is a Primary Source? - Definition & Examples - Study.com The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. Introduction - Primary Sources - LibGuides at CSU Los Angeles Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. Roman military leaders. Sulla was a man to whom, up to victory, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after victory, no criticism can be adequate. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. 1963), and Stewart Perowne, Death of the Roman Republic: From 146 B.C. His colleague was, 79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the, 78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:05. Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. Plutarch - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. He brought Pompeii under siege. [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). Copyright statement. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. Updated on October 07, 2019. To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. The Acropolis was then besieged. Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. He attempted to mitigate this by passing laws to limit the actions of generals in their provinces, and although these laws remained in effect well into the imperial period, they did not prevent determined generals, such as Pompey and Julius Caesar, from using their armies for personal ambition against the Senate, a danger of which Sulla was intimately aware. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. For other uses, see, Portrait of Sulla on a denarius minted in 54 BC by his grandson, They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for Julius Caesar's dictatorship, and for the eventual end of the Republic under Augustus. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. [56] When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune Marcus Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted. Even though the prosecutor declined to show up on the day of the trial, leading to Sulla's victory by default, Sulla's ambitions were frustrated. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. The circumstances of his relative poverty as a young man left him removed from his patrician brethren, enabling him to consort with revelers and experience the baser side of human nature. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. [17] After his father's death, around the time Sulla reached adulthood, Sulla found himself impoverished. Livy, Periochae 81-85 - Livius [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Encyclopedia.com Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. Website. Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. The collection currently contains . By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. Archives; Correspondence He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. Primary sources enable students to explore the documentary evidence of a nation's history - the roots of its government, value systems and role on the world stage.