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I don't know how the 20th century Iran government work, but it clearly states that he was elected in parliament and had a big support among the people in Iran. Iran ranks second in the world in oil and natural-gas reserves. How could I stay when the Americans had sent a general, Huyser, to force me out? His actions brought him into conflict with the pro-Western elites of Iran and the Shah, Mohammed Reza Pahlevi. The Shahs destruction required assembling a team of diplomatic hit men. Du Berrier commented: When the situation was deemed ripe, U.S. Numerous of his opponents were executed, usually without due process, and often after brutal torture. Workers went on industrial strikes throughout the summer, demanding health insurance, bonuses, and wage increases. what kind of government did the shah lead? To encourage independent cultivation, the Shah donated 500,000 Crown acres to 25,000 farmers. Within Iran, Islamic fundamentalists, who resented the Shah's progressive pro-Western views, combined with Soviet-sponsored communists to overthrow the Shah. Washington severs ties with Tehran . In 1935 a rebellion by pious Shi'a at the shrine of Imam Reza in Mashhad was crushed on his orders with dozens killed and hundreds injured,[6] rupturing relations between the Shah and pious Shia in Iran. Many universities and foundations of education were established, and many young people from lower and middle classes were funded so that they could study in the best universities in the West. [112] As the Shah realized how dependent his government and the Iranian economy was on the US, he decided to liberalize his policies. The Shah commented that the more I liberalized, the worse the situation in Iran became. In October, Khomeini's son Mostafa died. Although Iran, also called Persia, was the worlds oldest empire, dating back 2,500 years, by 1900 it was floundering. It was clearly for this reason that General Huyser had come to Teheran.. Bazaars in particular became centers of associational life, with Islamic groups and occasions tying people together through clerics' interpreting Islamic laws to settle commercial disputes and taxing the well-to-do to provide welfare for devout poorer followers. The Iranian Revolution | History of Western Civilization II Concise answer: Presumably, since those some individuals were/are profited or were supported by the dictator (the Shah)! From 1941 until 1979, Iran was ruled by a constitutional monarchy under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Irans Shah (king). They sprinkled each other with rosewater as they heard that the shah had slipped out of the country and flown to Egypt. Indeed, the Shah dismissed Mossadeq in mid-1952, but massive public riots condemning the action forced the Shah to reinstate Mossadeq a short time later. Some believed that the Shah should have encouraged more middle class growth and others believe he should have put more capital into industry. This embarrassed Jimmy Carter, who had done so much to destroy the Shah and support Khomeini. However, about 50 protestors waved hammer-and-sickle red flags. He finally accepted exile, clinging to the belief that America was still Irans ally, and that leaving would avert greater bloodshed. Iran Refugee Statistics 1962-2023 | MacroTrends A subsequent memorial service for Mostafa in Tehran put Khomeini back in the spotlight and began the process of building Khomeini into the leading opponent of the Shah. The Shah rose to power after his father was forced to step down, and the Shah's relationship with the U.S. flourished over time. Despite the pleadings of myriad Iranians to stay, he reluctantly left. The National Front party, which had earlier opposed Western domination of the oil industry, was revived in late 1977 by Dr. Karim Sanjabi and called on the Shah to hold free and fair elections, restore the constitution of 1905, respect freedom of speech, free political prisoners, and allow for an independent Iran in foreign affairs. The underlying reason was that the Shah of Iran was a corrupt person. Iranian police as well as SAVAK, the Shahs secret police, often cracked down on demonstrations and strikes by shooting at protesters. why did some iranians support the shah? [40] The office proceeded to send the Shah a "polite reminder" of the importance of political rights and freedom. [19] Establishing and obeying this Islamic government was "actually an expression of obedience to God", ultimately "more necessary even than prayer and fasting" in Islam,[20] and a commandment for all the world, not one confined to Iran.[21]. Some of the issues we must address at present include: 1. Militants seized the U.S. embassy and held the American staff hostage until January 1981. Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs - Brown University In fact Reza Shah could not trust allied forces due to long history of British and Russian interference, separating parts of Iran and contracts exploiting Iran. There are at least 5 million Iranians who are starving, poverty is so rampant that by some measures more than 50% of Iranians live below the poverty line. The dynasty that the revolution overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty was known for its autocracy, its focus on modernization and Westernization as well as its disregard for religious[4] and democratic measures in Iran's constitution. specifically in Qum, Tabriz, Yazd, Tehran, Ifsahan, Religious leaders Ayatollah Khomeini, Shariatmadari and other clerics; Dr. Karim Sanjabi, Foruhar and Bakhtiyar of the National Front party, The Writers Association; the National Organization of University Teachers; Liberation Movement (a political party under the umbrella of National Front; believed in a dynamic Shiism that could mobilize masses rather than be directed by the ulama); the Tudeh Party (a political party, severely weakened after an earlier Iranian coup and driven underground by the Iranian government; ideologically aligned with the National Front though far less powerful); Apolitical ulama (even though many of the clerics wished to stay out of politics, they were dragged in by the Shah himself when authorities began to strip the religious establishment of its authority and when the government refused to fight moral laxity); Moderate ulama (led by Ayatollah Kazem Shariatmadari (senior theologian in Qum), kept open communication with government and desired only that the government abide by its 1906 Constitution, forced to radicalize when the Shah shut down the religious establishment); Militant ulama (led by Ayatollah Khomeini, advocated creation of a clerical Islamic government and wanted ulama to seize political control of Iran); An array of small Marxist and Islamic militant guerilla groups, International humanitarian organizations condemned the Shahs regime and the brutal methods of SAVAK. why did some iranians support the shah? - jobavailable.pk Mosaddeq came to prominence in Iran in 1951 when he was appointed premier. Until now, the sight of his elite troops had quieted mobs. Iran from Royal Dictatorship to Theocracy. Remember - the Shah was extremely unpopular, chiefly because of his reliance on his repressive secret police (the Savak), which he . Could Chinas Petroyuan Give Rise to a New World Energy Order? Comparable in its mission to Americas FBI, SAVAK was engaged in a deadly struggle against terrorism, most of which was fueled by the bordering USSR, which linked to Irans internal communist party, the Tudeh. As a concession the Shah appointed former opposition-leader Bakhtiyar as Prime Minister. Statues of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi were pulled to the ground in Tehran, and some Iranians cut his portrait out of banknotes. To some the incident demonstrated that the Shia ulama were "Iran's first line of defense" against colonialism.[3]. The police learned that the fire was caused by Ruhollah Khomeini supporters, who fled to Iraq, where the ayatollah was in exile. New York: Random House, 2003. On February 18, 1978, peaceful demonstrations occurred in twelve cities on the fortieth-day anniversary of the death of the Qum students. Some Iranians supported the Shah because of its giant strides. His debriefings exposed so many communist agents that he was honored by a resolution of the U.S. House of Representatives. Answer: Some Iranians supported the Shah (who saw himself as a Persian king/dictator) because they got to become very rich. CIA-assisted coup overthrows government of Iran - HISTORY economist Jahangir Amuzegar quoted Tocqueville in his book. In November 1964, Khomeini was re-arrested and sent into exile, where he remained for 14 years until the revolution. The revolution does seem to have been solely caused by excessively rapid modernization by the state that led to social disruption. In Qum, the headquarters of the ulama (clergy), seminaries and bazaars closed in protest and the ulama staged a protest meeting, articulating their goals as calling for dissolution of the single party and peaceful release of political prisoners. Why, for example, did the West seek inroads to the Islamists instead of supporting the legal alternative to the shah: the reign of the empress together with the regency council until the U.S.-educated crown prince reached the legal age to become the new shah. The rooftop snipers then sprayed the crowd. The personalised nature of the Shah's government, where prevention of any possible competitor to the monarch trumped efficient and effective government and led to the crown's cultivation of divisions within the army and the political elite, The Ayatollah Khomeini's self-confidence, charisma, and most importantly his ability to grip the imagination of the masses by casting himself as following in the footsteps of the beloved Shi'a Imam. A special cage was erected in Teheran. [39], In 1977 a new American president, Jimmy Carter, was inaugurated. 1905: Due to years of financial and political concessions to English and Russian powers to the detriments of the domestic economy and culture, nationalist uprisings against the Shah begin to take place in Persia (now Iran).This is later referred to as the Constitutional Revolution. Could we have said in early 1977 that because Iranian culture includes a forty-day mourning cycle, the country was more likely than other countries to undergo a revolution? Houchang Nahavandi, one of the Shahs ministers and closest advisers, reveals in his book The Last Shah of Iran: We now know that the idea of deposing the Shah was broached continually, from the mid-seventies on, in the National Security Council in Washington, by Henry Kissinger, whom the Shah thought of as a firm friend.. Sullivan (CFR), a career diplomat with no Middle East experience, became our ambassador to Iran in 1977. Are they against a modern society? The paralyzing crisis of the state made the Shah concerned about the future of his throne. Prime Minister Amini's agenda was to broadcast land reform, reduce corruption, stabilize the economy, limit the power of the Shah, and reduce the size and influence of the Army. Yet Carter, Ted Kennedy, and the Western media, who had brayed so long about the Shahs alleged human rights violations, said nothing. I had just arrived at the university, after a long . Many Iranians remember the Shah's secret police, Savak, and . [119] However, Tocqeuevilles other idea that "when a people which has put up with an oppressive rule over a long period without protest suddenly finds the government relaxing its pressure, it takes up arms against it"[72] would seem to solve this anomaly. The Shah was perceived by many Iranians as beholden to - if not a puppet of - a non-Muslim Western power (the United States) whose culture was contaminating that of Iran. Three million Egyptians followed the procession. I knew that Ball was no friend.. Iranians overthrow the Shah, 1977-79 | Global Nonviolent Action Database Strikers brought bazaars, schools, government ministries, and the oil industry virtually to a standstill. why did some iranians support the shah? His failure to cultivate supporters in the Shi'a religious leadership to counter Khomeini's campaign against him. Considered the founding father of modern Iran by contemporary historians, Army General Reza Shah Pahlavi replaced Islamic laws with western ones, and forbade traditional Islamic clothing, separation of the sexes and veiling of women (hijab). Fearful of another series of forty-day cycles, the Shah made more concessions: allowance of all parties to campaign in the next election was given, amnesty for hundreds of political prisoners was granted, and a new premier Sharif Emamiwho would be far more willing to negotiate with the oppositional religious establishmentwas appointed. The eldest son of the last shah of Iran has urged Western governments to support popular efforts to topple the regime in Tehran. As Shah aimed to marginalize the Shia clergy and eliminate their influence by its modernization policies, clerics in Qom and their followers developed a populist, anti-Imperialist interpretation of Shia theology to delegitimize Shah for his injustice and his reliance on the anti-Islamic foreign imperialists. The process of toppling the Shah had been envisaged and initiated in 1974, under a certain Republican administration. The shah's dependence on the United States, his close ties with Israelthen engaged in extended hostilities with the overwhelmingly Muslim Arab statesand his regime's ill-considered economic policies served to fuel the potency of dissident rhetoric with the masses. Here the Shahs generosity backfired. Lindsay Dolan, 05/06/2009; revised by Aden Tedla, 02/9/2011, Included Participation by More Than One Social Class, 003. In mid-1977, the Shah allowed an open discussion forum for the Rastakhiz Party to discuss social issues publicly. On May 1, 1960, Powers took off from Pakistan at the controls of an ultra-sophisticated Lockheed U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft. The CIA, the MI6, the KGB and the SDECE were all there. The British control of the oil was already precarious given their withdrawal of forces "east of Suez" in the beginning of the 1970s. The urban and secular middle class grew quickly. I am quite convinced that it was from this moment that some very powerful, international interests identified, within Iran, the collusive elements, which they could use to encompass my downfall. Yet many forget that, until 30 years ago, exactly such a regime led Iran, until it was toppled with the help of the same U.S. foreign policy establishment recently beating war drums. As du Berrier pointed out: In his desperate need of men capable of handling the sophisticated equipment he was bringing in, the Shah had sent over a hundred thousand students abroad. [41] Later that year a dissenting group (the Writers' Association) gathered without the customary police break-up and arrests, starting a new era of political action by the Shah's opponents. Why Iran takes issue with the Holocaust - BBC News The Shah supported his Prime Minister who defended Iran's right in the Court of Hague to nationalize British-controlled oil fields. On the other hand, the United States and the Soviet Union were mainly interested in the logistically important location of Iran and wanted an oil concession in the northern part of Iran. Why did the U.S. install a man totally ignorant of my country in the midst of such a crisis? The clergy were divided, allying variously with the liberals, Marxists and Islamists. "Iran jumped overnight from the Muslim year 1355 to the royalist year 2535. Eight Facts About the Shah of Iran - WorldAtlas A powerful and efficient network of opposition began to develop inside Iran,[25] employing mosque sermons and smuggled cassette speeches by Khomeini, amongst other means.