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Structurally, the contrasting ideas (be it concepts, words, phrases or sentences) are placed in sharp juxtaposition and sustained tension, i.e. Antithesis is the term used to refer to an author's use of two contrasting or opposite terms in a sentence for effect. Examples of Antithesis: 1. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Although taking a step is an ordinary activity for most people, taking a step on the moon, in outer space, is a major achievement for all humanity. Antithesis is a tool that pits two opposing ideas against each other, and the result is a contrasting effect that highlights an overarching meaning. Instead of making his speech specifically about Tom Robinson, Atticus stated that some people of a race may lie, but that is true for all humans, no matter what the color of their skin is. Atticus Finch fights a judicial battle against all odds to free the wrongly accused . Recently, Mayella Ewell is on trial prosecuting Tom Robinson on charges of rape. This is an example of antithesis because . 6. First, the structure is parallel. The passage contains many examples of antithesis, each consisting of one pair of contrasting ideas that we've highlighted to make the structure clearer. Atticus used artistic proofs, anaphora, and multiple other persuasive tools to connect with his audience and to prove to the jury that Tom Robinson was innocent. dropped; unemployment rates soared; European banks and businesses closed. Part 2 of a worksheet. In the Temptations Song "My Girl," the singer uses antithesis when he says: "When it's cold outside, I've got the month of May.". Create a relationship of opposition between two separate ideas. Maycomb, Alabama, is a lethargic Southern town facing a crisis. he was saying, I shall be brief, but I would like to use my remaining time, with you to remind you that this case is not a difficult one, it requires no minute sifting of complicated facts, require you to be sure beyond all reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the defendant. The quote just stated is saying, Jem was angry by the verdict, Atticus tells him that the people will continue to do it, more and more. In this song by The Clash, the speaker is caught at a crossroads between two choices, and antithesis serves as the perfect tool to express just how confused and conflicted he is. "The defendant is not . Often, the closing statement is the . My girl, my girl, my girl Talkin' bout my girl. Taylor knew that Finch would work diligently toward Robinson's case, when compared to other attorneys. This famous statement by Muhammad Ali displays two contrasting animal actions: a silent (floating) butterfly and an aggressive (sting) bee. No guts, no glory. One tool used often in literature and politics is called antithesis. The defendant is not guilty, but somebody in this courtroom is. Pathos is used to persuade the jury when Atticus says, Some Negroes lie, some Negroes are immoral, some Negro men are not to be trusted around womenblack or white. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? For the closing statement of Atticus was moving speech that could not determine the fate of Tom Robinsons verdict. the evil assumptionthat all Negroes lie, that all Negroes are basically immoral beings, that all Negro men are not to be trusted around our women, an assumption that one associates with minds of their calibre. Teachers and parents! (37)"Jem waved my words away as if fanning gnats." Logos The state has not produced one iota of medical evidence to the effect that the crime Tom Robinson is charged with ever took place. Despite this fact, Atticus Finch is wise to accept Tom Robinsons case due to the benefits to both his children and his community. Once again during court Scout mentions how Atticus viewed people harassing negros just because theyre black. One tool used often in literature and politics is called antithesis. Here the sentence is clearly cut into two clauses on either side of the comma, and the contrasting elements are clear enough. To the community this was improper. Each of these three terms does have to do with establishing a relationship of difference between two ideas or characters in a text, but beyond that there are significant differences between them. To remember that person is a person no matter what race they were born, At the end of his closing argument he uses his own opinions, to help convince the jury. Accentuate the qualities and characteristics of one thing by placing it in opposition to another. Cha c sn phm trong gi hng. We must all learn to live together as brothersor we will all perish together as fools. List one cause for each of the following effects: American market for European goods Adjective: antithetical . The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Atticus Finch (Tom's Lawyer) is currently summing up . Get busy living or get busy dying. In "To Kill A Mockingbird", Atticus Finch's closing argument has multiple elements that allow him to get his point across. "The tree is as heavy as you are, Jem." montana unemployment stimulus; among us tasks to do in real life; michael cooper toronto first wife; kali flanagan back to the start; who owns slomin's oil CEP Lesson Plan Form-inquiry Everyone will then watch the portion of the film that is Atticus's closing argument. This case is as simple as black and white. In Maycomb County, the Negroes are viewed as inferior, and in addition, the Jim Crow laws are enforced to ensure segregation. Shut Your Mouth and Open Your Eyes (the band "AFI" - album title) The antithesis here is a juxtaposition of two different actions (opening and shutting) that are actually part of the same sort of behavior - the behavior of somebody who wants to understand the world rather than be the center of attention. He also says that we would not feel protected without guns. Antithesis works best when it is used in conjunction with. Ethos,Pathos and Logos to prove to the jury that his client is innocent and can walk out of court that day a free man. The closing argument allows for the attorney to get their final point across, but it allows them to talk to the jury and let the lawsuit sink in. By building up this list of contrasts, Dickens sets the scene of the French Revolution that will serve as the setting of his tale by emphasizing the division and confusion of the era. Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities This classic tale of love and sacrifice features the French Revolution as its backdrop. 9.02 EXAMPLE OF A CLOSING ARGUMENT The following example should give you a feeling for the scope and structure of a closing argument. He addressed these directly in his speech. -Logos - No factual evidence to convict Tom . Introduction During closing argument, the attorney has the opportunity to address each issue that the jury must decide and persuade the jury that he has the winning side of that issue Closing argument allows the attorney to reach depth in discussion of the issues, which is necessary to reaching the truth. This contrast can serve a number of purposes, as shown in the examples above. Atticus says cheatin a colored man is ten times worse than cheatin a white man (pg 269) This shows how Atticus knew how bad colored men are treated when convicted of something they didnt even do unlike a white one. Atticus Finch having lived in this culture during this time of segregation also gives him a sense of what Tom Robinson and his audience was feeling. But this is a truth that applies to the human race and to no particular race of men (Lee 273). - Unknown It shows the contrasting qualities of speech versus silence and compares it to silver versus gold. Antithesis is an effective literary device because humans tend to define through contrast. Jem learns that just because of the way you were born you are not given the same opportunities that others have just because of one factor, the color of your skin, not the way you act, or your reputation, but the color of your skin, something so little, but has such a massive impact on everyday life. It can be the Supreme Court of the United States or the humblest J.P. court in the land, or this honourable court which you serve. Atticus uses words like "honorable" and "great" because they elevate the importance of maintaining the long lived code of equality in the courts. These are stand-alone statements in which two words that don't seem to belong together are placed next to one another and then make sense. The Finch family felt very different than the majority of people in Maycomb Alabama. Atticus does not concur with introducing this case to the court. A closing statement is a statement made at the end of a debate or more often a legal trial delivered by a representative of each side of the case or debate. Then I will hand out either the film speech or the book speech. The communitys disgust at Atticus decision is expressed when Scout is irked by Cecil Jacobs, a boy in her class, when he announces that, Scout Finchs daddy defended niggers. (p. 82). In the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Atticus Finch includes many examples of ethos, pathos, and logos in his closing argument. Asked by victoria p #218393 on 12/6/2011 8:19 PM Last updated by Aslan on 12/6/2011 8:31 PM Answers 1 Add Yours. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. It can be the Supreme Court of the United States or the humblest J.P. court in the land, or this honorable court which you serve. " there is circumstantial evidence to indicate that Mayella Ewell was beaten savagely by someone who led almost exclusively with his left Mr.Ewell swore out a warrant, no doubt signing it with his left hand. The final factual and legal argument made by each attorney on all sides of a case in a trial prior to a verdict or judgment. Explanation. Atticus uses words like "honorable" and "great" because they elevate the importance of maintaining the long lived code of equality in the courts. One of the most famous examples of rhetoric in literature is Atticus's speech in Chapter Twenty of To Kill a Mockingbird. . The state has not produced one iota of medical evidence. Introduction During closing argument, the attorney has the opportunity to address each issue that the jury must decide and persuade the jury that he has the winning side of that issue Closing argument allows the attorney to reach depth in discussion of the issues, which is necessary to reaching the truth. For example: "Art is long, and Time is fleeting.". sbright@schr.org What follows are excerpts from the proceedings in the case of State of Georgia v. William Anthony Brooks tried in 1991 in the Full text and audio mp3 of movie speech To Kill A Mockingbird - Atticus Finch Closing Argument in the Trial of Tom Robinson For example, his beginning paragraph in the speech pertain to what the court knows and progressively as the speech continues opens up new ideas and thoughts that the jury and judge can go on when coming to a decision. Explain. To Kill a Mockingbird (Atticus Finchs closing speech), Songs That Sample To Kill a Mockingbird (Atticus Finchs closing speech). I have asked my client to leave the courtroom, as I had asked him not to be here during the medical . The English language is full of literary devices that can enliven your writing. We are looking at an innocent man here, one whom the prosecution has not conjured up enough evidence to make this man guilty. That institution, gentlemen, is a court. Should I stay or should I go now? The two characters are shown as opposites . Text To Speech Not Working Android, During his speech he says time and time again that Tom Robinson is not guilty and that the entire case was futile. Sometimes, characters in literary works are the antithesis of each other. 7. Repeitition Tom Robinson, guilty, pity Pathos She is the victim of cruel poverty and ignorance. Written by the MasterClass staff. To kill a mockingbird means to destroy innocence. The English language is full of literary devices that can enliven your writing. It is most likely that the best device that would be used to sway the jury would be logos. Below are examples of antithesis from some of English literature's most acclaimed writers and a comic book! (Neil Armstrong, 1969) In this example, Armstrong is referring to man walking on the moon. Do you think this story is mainly about a case of cruelty, about Mrs. Donovan, or about the life of a vet in a small town? complete a close-reading of Atticus's closing argument in To Kill a Mockingbird with a focus on his use of . Broadmoor Golf Club Initiation Fee, He is also trying to show that they are people too, who have feelings and deserve the same respect that white people are given. Iago uses antithesis to contrast the two opposite potential outcomes of his villainous plot: either events will transpire in Iago's favor and he will come out on top, or his treachery will be discovered, ruining him. Atticus Finch begins his closing statement with his claim "to begin with, this case should have never come to trial. If one does not, they are tantalized, and as seen earlier in the book called a negro lover and more provocative terms which, back then were seen as incredibly negative. Rhetorical Analysis of Atticus Finch's Closing Statement (Movie Version) To Kill a Mockingbird is known to many as one of the best pieces of American literature. This is an antithesis example because there is the contrast between the animals and their actions (the peaceful floating butterfly versus the aggressive stinging bee) combined with the parallel grammatical structure of similes indicated by "like a." Antithesis (Greek for "setting opposite", from -"against" and "placing") is used in writing or speech either as a proposition that contrasts with or reverses some previously mentioned proposition, or when two opposites are introduced together for contrasting effect. For example, "love is the antithesis of selfishness." The two terms are set near each other to enhance or highlight the contrast in opposite meaning. The book's protagonist, Atticus Finch, does this to persuade the jury of Tom Robinson's innocence. When he gave a closing argument for the case of Tom Robinson, he had to find a way to persuade his audience. We do know in part what Mr. Ewell did: he did what any God-fearing, preserving, respectable white man would do under circumstanceshe swore a warrant, no doubt signing with his left hand. It is the last chance for both parties of said debate or trial to state their argument, and hopefully affect the verdict or outcome in their favor. Even the black, Tom Robinson is a young African-American who's been accused of raping and abusing Mayella Ewell, a young and closeted white woman. Second, the contracting elements of a butterfly and a bee seem contradictory. Often, but not always, antithesis works in tandem with parallelism. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. This speech by famous American patriot Patrick Henry includes one of the most memorable and oft-quoted phrases from the era of the American Revolution. In To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the passage I analyzed was a short conversation between Atticus and Jack. In saying this, Atticus tries to convince the audience and jury that everyone is capable of making mistakes, and differences in appearance does not mean that groups of people are superior to others. Atticus uses ethos many times throughout his closing argument, His most powerful ones are I would like to remind you that this case is not a difficult one but it does require you to be sure beyond all reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the defendant. In my beginning is my end. Tom Robinson was her daily reminder of what she did. Atticus Finch begins his closing statement with his claim "to begin with, this case should have never come to trial. There's not a person in this courtroom who has never told a lie, who has never done an immoral thing, and there is no man living who has never looked upon a woman without desire. Ex. He alludes to the situation by saying "God, do your duty".Atticus alludes to this because you cant tell god what to do or what not to do. . In order to accomplish this feat Atticus applies the three appeals logos, ethos, and pathos. One tool used often in literature and politics is called antithesis. Rhetorical Analysis of Atticus's Closing Argument. Fiendfyre, for example," he nodded at me, "feeds off the emotion of hate and will not work if the feeling is not sufficiently strong, thus part of why it is . Our courts have their faults, as does any human constitution, but in this country our courts are the great levellers, and in our courts all men are created equal. One of the most famous examples of rhetoric in literature is Atticus's. speech in Chapter Twenty of To Kill a Mockingbird. has had to put his word against two white people. Thomas Jefferson once said that all men are created equal some people are smarter than others, some people have more opportunity because they're born with it, some men make more money than others, some ladies make better cakes than others--some people are born gifted beyond the normal scope of men. For example, "sweet sorrow" or "living dead." One tool used often in literature and politics is called antithesis. Then he took of his glasses and wiped them, and we saw another first: we had never seen him sweathe was one of those men whose faces never perspired, but now it was shining tan. While most instances of antithesis are built around an "or" that signals the contrast between the two parts of the sentence, the Green Lantern oath works a bit differently. One of the characters in the book, Atticus Finch, is a lawyer representing Tom Robinson, a southern black man who has been accused of rape by a white woman. In this speech by one of America's most well-known orators, antithesis allows Martin Luther King Jr. to highlight the contrast between two visions of the future; in the first vision, humans rise above their differences to cooperate with one another, while in the other humanity is doomed by infighting and division. Example 3. I say guilt, gentlemen, because it was guilt that motivated her. Background: Tom Robinson is a black person whos was accused of raping a white girl named Mayella Ewell which he has never done. Example 2 Examples Of Ethos In To Kill A Mockingbird man, was chosen to defend a black man named Tom Robinson. Evidence from the text on page 100 aforementioned, If I didnt, I couldnt hold up my headcouldnt represent this countycouldn't tell you or Jem not to do something. This ties to Mr. Finch following his morals, because if he does not try he would not feel like he deserves what he. Atticus Finch, Toms adept lawyer, believed Soulfly in equality and justice for all and was more than happy to defend Tom Robinson with all his heart no matter his race. You can't "excite and inflame the minds of the jury against one of the litigants [or] appeal to their passions and prejudices." She has committed no crime, she has merely broken a rigid and time-honored code of our society, a code so severe that whoever breaks it is hounded from our midst as unfit to live with she tempted a Negro. (272) Atticus Finch connects the Jury to the code of society, which is the long-lived and unbroken belief in which any white woman with a negro, Moreover, this strengthens the case because the Jury can now see that Atticus is fighting for the good of the county, which assures his credibility of judgement. Examples in Atticus's closing argument: "he did what any God-fearing, persevering, respectable white man would do" "a quiet, respectable, humble Negro" hyperbole Definition: Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. Parallelism is an important part of antithesis. Atticus said that, You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of viewuntil you climb into his skin and walk around in it, (Lee, 30). Anti Thesis Examples by Others Antithesis Example by Unknown "Man proposes, God disposes." Atticus Finch begins his closing statement with his claim "to begin with, this case should have never come to trial. Atticus, the father of Jem and Scout, treats them with a rare respect, never laying a hand on either child and never leaving them in the dark about intense societal issues. Eliot uses antithesis to describe the cycle of life, which is continuously passing from beginning to end, from rise to fall, and from old to new. Just as trials begin with attorneys making statements about the case, they end with a direct address to the judge or jury. Speakers use antithesis to drive home the stakes of what they are saying, sometimes by contrasting two distinct visions of the future. From this, the jury feels as if they have been mistreating Tom. She tempted a negro (272). Likewise, counsel in closing argument must not appeal to the jury's economic fears and passions. To prove this, on page 101 it states, Simply because we were licked a hundred years before we started is no reason for us not to try to win. The act of taking this case is very courageous, because it is him and a black person against a majority white town and Mr. Finch knows this. (84)"Popped me like a cork on pavement." "in brightest day, in darkest night" or "from the highest mountain, to the deepest valley"). He tells the jury that they're smart enough to see that for, During the 1930s the south was still raging with racism, and the thought of a black man raping a white woman lead to no further investigation whether it was true or false, he was simply sentenced to death. Ex. Atticus shows empathy and and incites those around him when he says, "There is not a person in this courtroom who has never told a lie, who has never looked upon a woman without desire" (Lee). Atticus Finch's closing argument in the trial of Tom Robinson, from Harper Lee's classic novel To Kill a Mockingbird (1960). Tom had no marks on him from Mayella fighting back The witness for the statehave presented themselves to you gentlemen, to this court, in the cynical confidence that their testimony would not be doubted, confident that you gentlemen would go along with them on the assumption--the evil assumption--that all Negroes lie, that all Negroes are basically immoral beings, that all Negro men are not to be trusted around our women it does require you to be sure beyond all reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the defendant. Last updated: Sep 29, 2021 . Atticus, thus, comes up with logos as his last option to convince his audience that Tom is indeed innocent of the charges. This excerpt of the soliloquy is a good example of an antithesis that is not limited to a single word or short phrase. Last updated: Sep 29, 2021 3 min read. But this is a truth that applies to the human race and to no particular race of men (Lee, page 204). He asserts . Unlike many others in Maycomb, he strongly believes in a strict moral code, to treat everyone with respect and seek real Justice, not based one who the person is but the credible evidence of their, Atticus Finch of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird tackled the task of defending the case of Tom Robinson who was accused of raping Mayella Ewell. Students will have 7 minutes to find 2 examples of Ethos, 2 examples of Pathos, and 2 examples of Logos within the speech, as well as many rhetorical devices as you can find 10 minutes - I will then have the groups . The structure of the words around the contrasting ideas is usually identical, at least in . Atticus uses ethos to prove Toms innocence by acknowledging the credibility of the courts: "Our courts have their faults, as does any human institution, but in this country our courts are the great levelers, and in our courts all men are created equal" (205). These are the exact traits that Atticus exhibits by representing Tom, which is why he is a modern-day hero. The townspeople know that Atticus is a good person, which increases his . Atticus paused and took out his handkerchief. Each "side" of the phrase has the same number of words and the same structure. The antithesis is found in multiple aspects of this quotation. Atticus explains to Jem that in the courts of Maycomb, a black mans state of innocence or guilt is truly determined by a white mans testimony. Thats why he takes on the case at the heart of the story, the defense of a black man falsely accused of raping a white woman. It illustrates most of the points raised in later sections. Fundamentally, writers of all types use antithesis for its ability to create a clear contrast. When Tom Robinson has accused the entirety of the town flocked to the courthouse to view the trial. Parallelism is an important part of antithesis. In the name of God, do your duty. This is the strongest point that Atticus makes that alludes to the jury's sense of ethics, because when Atticus says God, it makes any of the jury who believes in a God which at that time most did it draws to their attention that Tom Robinson is a man with a family, that he is a human being and that is what God wants them to do. In an oxymoron, two seemingly contradictory words are placed together because their unlikely combination reveals a deeper truth. Inflaming the passions or prejudices of the jury. He does so because he is certain, what he proclaims won't be enough to sway the jurors minds, as if Toms conviction was set in stone, before he even began. "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness ." Antithesis Example by Unknown -3 " Rude words bring about sadness, but kind words inspire joy." It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other wayin short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only. As Atticus is explaining that Tom is a person and Ella Ewell tempted him and he said no. He believed that you shouldnt judge someones actions until. Atticus also suggests that the presence of reasonable people can serve as a cure to unreasonable behavior. Antithesis is a literary device designed to highlight the difference/s of two irreconcilable opposites. 9 points Key Terms for Lesson logos: by appealing to an audience's sense of reason and logic, the speaker or writer intends tomake the audience think clearly about the sensible and/or obvious answer to a problem pathos: by appealing to the audiences emotions, the speaker or writer . Happy woman eating a cotton candy and Businessman crying in rain as Antithesis examples. Atticus has trust in the power in using the three models of rhetoric. . Even though Atticus showed courage in helping Tom, people could not take a black person's word over a white's. she has merely broken a time honored code of our society. ARGUMENT AND CONDUCT OF COUNSEL 17 (2018). He uses this by saying there is not a person in this courtroom who has never told a lie =, who has never done an immoral thing, and there is no man living who has never looked upon a woman without desire. By saying this Atticus is forcing the jury to feel compassionate because they realize their own fault. The sentence "this case is as simple as black and white" strikes the reader with its symbolic features. Three literary terms that are often mistakenly used in the place of antithesis are juxtaposition, oxymoron, and foil. Use section headers above different song parts like [Verse], [Chorus], etc. The state has not produced one iota of medical evidence to the effect that the crime Tom Robinson is charged with ever took place.